#外媒新闻语料翻译#【第102篇 生物篇】
Tropical waters are an evolutionary hotbed
热带水域—生物进化的温床
Michael Marshall
迈克尔·马歇尔
The tropics are the most biodiverse regions on Earth. Now there is evidence that they are also the main source of evolutionary innovation and diversity.
热带是地球上生物多样性储量最丰富的地带，现有证据表明，热带也是进化创新和多样性的主要来源地。
Complex animals have dominated Earth for 541 million years, a time span called the Phanerozoic eon. Huge numbers of species have evolved and gone extinct during this time, in a complex story that includes fish, giant reptiles and whales.
复杂动物统治地球已长达5.41亿年，这一时期被称为显生宙时期。在此期间，包括鱼类、巨型爬行动物和鲸鱼在内的大量物种经历了复杂的进化和灭绝。
However, in the 1980s palaeontologist John Sepkoski analysed the overall pattern of evolution in the sea, where the fossil record is best. He concluded that marine evolutionary history could be broken down into three supergroups, which he called “great evolutionary faunas”.
然而，在20世纪80年代，古生物学家约翰·塞普考斯基(John Sepkoski)分析了海洋的整体进化模式，那里的化石记录保存最为完善。他总结出海洋进化史可以分为三个超群，他称之为“超级进化动物群”。
The first group was dominated by trilobites, which resembled woodlice, and bristle worms; the second by shellfish-like creatures called brachiopods; and the third by molluscs, which have persisted to the present day. Other animals like land mammals probably followed similar patterns, but their fossil record isn’t complete enough for us to know.
第一类是三叶虫，类似于木虱和钢毛虫；第二类是贝类生物，称为腕足动物；第三类是软体动物，一直存活至今。其他动物（例如陆地哺乳动物）可能也遵循类似的模式，但它们的化石记录并不完整，我们无从得知。
Now, by analysing nearly 18,300 marine genera from the Phanerozoic fossil record, Alexis Rojas-Briceno of Umeå University in Sweden and his colleagues have found that the evolution of complex marine life is best described using four great groups of fauna, not three.
现在，瑞典于默奥大学的亚力克西斯.罗贾斯.布里塞诺(Alexis Rojas-Briceno)和他的同事们分析了近18300个显生宙化石记录中的海洋属，发现最好将复杂的海洋生物分为四大类，而不是三大类。
The first supergroup existed between 541 and 494 million years ago, spanning the Cambrian explosion in which many animal groups first emerged. As in the original analysis, trilobites dominated. The second supergroup, dubbed the Palaeozoic, lasted from 494 to 252 million years ago. Creatures with hard outer shells were now widespread, including brachiopods. This phase ended when the end-Permian extinction wiped out almost all complex life on Earth.
第一个超群存在于541至4亿9400万年前，跨越寒武纪爆发，其中许多动物群首次出现。正如最初的分析中所指，三叶虫占主导地位。第二个超群被称为古生代，从4.94亿年前持续到2.52亿年前，拥有坚硬外壳的生物广泛分布，其中包括腕足动物。在二叠纪末的大灭绝中，地球上所有复杂的生命几乎消失殆尽，这一阶段也随之结束。
This matches Sepkoski’s analysis, but the new study splits his third great fauna into two. In this version, the third supergroup is called the Mesozoic. It began in the wake of the Permian extinction and ended 129 million years ago, in the middle of the dinosaur era. This time cephalopods, the group that includes squid and octopuses, were the rulers. The fourth and final supergroup, the Cenozoic, is still dominant today. During this time, clams and snails have made up much of the diversity.
这与塞普科斯基的分析相符，但新的研究将他的第三大动物群一分为二。在这个版本中，第三个超群被称为中生代，它开始于二叠纪灭绝之后，结束于1.29亿年前，恐龙时代中期。这一次头足类动物，包括鱿鱼和章鱼，是海洋中的统治者。第四个也是最后一个超群—新生代，在今天仍然占主导地位。在这段时间里，蛤蜊和蜗牛成为了生物多样性的中坚力量。
The team found that all four supergroups originated in the tropics, then expanded through the oceans. This is in line with the idea that the tropics are hotbeds of evolutionary innovation, which has been promoted by David Jablonski at the University of Chicago.
研究小组发现，这四个超群都起源于热带，然后在海洋中逐步扩散开来。这与芝加哥大学的大卫·贾布隆斯基（David Jablonski）提出的热带地区是生物进化创新的温床的观点是一致的。
（节选自《新科学家》2020年1月4日）
译者：西南科技大学学生 李琴琴 刘宇 李小龙 马茗
Tropical waters are an evolutionary hotbed
热带水域—生物进化的温床
Michael Marshall
迈克尔·马歇尔
The tropics are the most biodiverse regions on Earth. Now there is evidence that they are also the main source of evolutionary innovation and diversity.
热带是地球上生物多样性储量最丰富的地带，现有证据表明，热带也是进化创新和多样性的主要来源地。
Complex animals have dominated Earth for 541 million years, a time span called the Phanerozoic eon. Huge numbers of species have evolved and gone extinct during this time, in a complex story that includes fish, giant reptiles and whales.
复杂动物统治地球已长达5.41亿年，这一时期被称为显生宙时期。在此期间，包括鱼类、巨型爬行动物和鲸鱼在内的大量物种经历了复杂的进化和灭绝。
However, in the 1980s palaeontologist John Sepkoski analysed the overall pattern of evolution in the sea, where the fossil record is best. He concluded that marine evolutionary history could be broken down into three supergroups, which he called “great evolutionary faunas”.
然而，在20世纪80年代，古生物学家约翰·塞普考斯基(John Sepkoski)分析了海洋的整体进化模式，那里的化石记录保存最为完善。他总结出海洋进化史可以分为三个超群，他称之为“超级进化动物群”。
The first group was dominated by trilobites, which resembled woodlice, and bristle worms; the second by shellfish-like creatures called brachiopods; and the third by molluscs, which have persisted to the present day. Other animals like land mammals probably followed similar patterns, but their fossil record isn’t complete enough for us to know.
第一类是三叶虫，类似于木虱和钢毛虫；第二类是贝类生物，称为腕足动物；第三类是软体动物，一直存活至今。其他动物（例如陆地哺乳动物）可能也遵循类似的模式，但它们的化石记录并不完整，我们无从得知。
Now, by analysing nearly 18,300 marine genera from the Phanerozoic fossil record, Alexis Rojas-Briceno of Umeå University in Sweden and his colleagues have found that the evolution of complex marine life is best described using four great groups of fauna, not three.
现在，瑞典于默奥大学的亚力克西斯.罗贾斯.布里塞诺(Alexis Rojas-Briceno)和他的同事们分析了近18300个显生宙化石记录中的海洋属，发现最好将复杂的海洋生物分为四大类，而不是三大类。
The first supergroup existed between 541 and 494 million years ago, spanning the Cambrian explosion in which many animal groups first emerged. As in the original analysis, trilobites dominated. The second supergroup, dubbed the Palaeozoic, lasted from 494 to 252 million years ago. Creatures with hard outer shells were now widespread, including brachiopods. This phase ended when the end-Permian extinction wiped out almost all complex life on Earth.
第一个超群存在于541至4亿9400万年前，跨越寒武纪爆发，其中许多动物群首次出现。正如最初的分析中所指，三叶虫占主导地位。第二个超群被称为古生代，从4.94亿年前持续到2.52亿年前，拥有坚硬外壳的生物广泛分布，其中包括腕足动物。在二叠纪末的大灭绝中，地球上所有复杂的生命几乎消失殆尽，这一阶段也随之结束。
This matches Sepkoski’s analysis, but the new study splits his third great fauna into two. In this version, the third supergroup is called the Mesozoic. It began in the wake of the Permian extinction and ended 129 million years ago, in the middle of the dinosaur era. This time cephalopods, the group that includes squid and octopuses, were the rulers. The fourth and final supergroup, the Cenozoic, is still dominant today. During this time, clams and snails have made up much of the diversity.
这与塞普科斯基的分析相符，但新的研究将他的第三大动物群一分为二。在这个版本中，第三个超群被称为中生代，它开始于二叠纪灭绝之后，结束于1.29亿年前，恐龙时代中期。这一次头足类动物，包括鱿鱼和章鱼，是海洋中的统治者。第四个也是最后一个超群—新生代，在今天仍然占主导地位。在这段时间里，蛤蜊和蜗牛成为了生物多样性的中坚力量。
The team found that all four supergroups originated in the tropics, then expanded through the oceans. This is in line with the idea that the tropics are hotbeds of evolutionary innovation, which has been promoted by David Jablonski at the University of Chicago.
研究小组发现，这四个超群都起源于热带，然后在海洋中逐步扩散开来。这与芝加哥大学的大卫·贾布隆斯基（David Jablonski）提出的热带地区是生物进化创新的温床的观点是一致的。
（节选自《新科学家》2020年1月4日）
译者：西南科技大学学生 李琴琴 刘宇 李小龙 马茗
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茫茫人海 能遇见你 我万分感激和珍惜[心]
⭐️剪烫染护接发 维[心]： 1 7 3 8 4 3 6 5 9 5
⭐️现经营1
⭐️1家直营店
⭐️1家美发学院
⭐️23家加盟店
⭐️宏阳打造一本全方位网络自媒色彩书籍
Hy四大项目
⭐️羽毛接发
⭐️无痕烫发
⭐️3D染发
⭐️鱼子酱护理
⭐️Hy文化
仁义礼智信 成人达己 成己为人
⭐️Hy意指
第一 战神 王牌
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